Electric circuits

The first mechanically or electrically powered clocks appeared in the mid-19th century. The circuits of electrically powered clocks included a contact activated by the pendulum, a battery and an electromagnet which restored enough energy to the pendulum to keep it swinging. The first electrical watches date back to 1952. The electric circuit included a micro-contact, a battery and a coil. Electrical clocks and watches were not significantly more accurate than mechanical timekeepers. Indeed, the resonators (regulating elements) remained unchanged and were of equal quality. Their running improved slightly on account of the fact that the contacts exerted less stress on the resonators than did the escapements.